Biology - Cell structure

Cell structure

Mind map

mindmap
    root((Cell structure))
        Organelles all typical cells have
            Cell membrane
                Controls movement in and out of cells.
                Outer membrane of cell
                Semi-permeable
            Cytoplasm
                Where chemical reactions take place.
                Surrounded by cell membrane
                Gel-like mixture containing solutes, organelles, and water
            Nucleus
                Contains DNA and controls the cell.
                Has a nuclear membrane, so DNA is not floating about
            Mitochondria
                Where aerobic respiration happens.
                Folds: create lots of surface area for reactions
            Ribosomes
                Allows protein synthesis
                Each cell contains thousands of them
                Make proteins by translating RNA codes

        Animal cell
            Cell membrane
            Cytoplasm
            Nucleus
            Mitochondria
            Ribosomes

        Plant cell
            Cell membrane
            Cytoplasm
            Nucleus
            Mitochondria
            Ribosomes
            Cell wall
                Rigid to keep the shape of the cell, strengthens the cell.
                Outermost layer
                Permeable: They don't select who comes in and who leaves
            Large Vacuole
                Cell sap to keep cell turgid.
                Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal
                Contains water solution
            Chloroplast
                Contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
                In green parts of plants

        Prokaryotic cell
            Cell membrane
            Cytoplasm
            Ribosomes
            Circular DNA
                Instead of chromosomes, also called Nucleoid, is essential for controlling the activity and reproduction of the prokaryotic cell.
            Plasmid
                Small circles of DNA
            Cell wall
                Made of peptidoglycan not cellulose

        Differences
            Plant vs Animal
                Cell Wall
                Large Vacuole
                Chloroplasts
            Plant vs Prokaryotic
                Nucleus vs Nucleoid and Plasmid
                Cellulose vs Peptidoglycan

Organelles all typical cells have

Cell membrane

Controls movement in and out of cells.

• Outer membrane of cell
• Semi-permeable

Cytoplasm

Where chemical reactions take place.

• Surrounded by cell membrane
• Gel-like mixture containing solutes, orangelles, and water

Nucleus

Contains DNA and controls the cell.

• Has a nuclear membrane, so DNA is not floating about

Mitochondria

Where aerobic respiration happens.

• Folds: create lots of surface area for reactions

Ribosomes

Allows protein synthesis

• Each cell contains thousands of them
• Make proteins by translating RNA codes

Animal cell

Animal cell has all above.

Diagram

Plant cell

Plant cell especially also have:

Cell wall

Rigid to keep the shape of the cell, strengthens the cell.

• Outermost layer
• Permeable: They don’t select who comes in and who leaves

Large Vacuole

Cell sap to keep cell turgid.

• Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal
• Contains water solution

Chloroplast

Contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.

• In green parts of plants

Diagram

Prokaryotic cell

Prokaryotic cell do not have Mitochondria and Nucleus but organelles below.

Cell wall

Rigid to keep the shape of the cell, strengthens the cell.

• Made of peptidoglycan not cellulose

Circular DNA

Instead of chromosomes, also called Nucleoid, is essential for controlling the acticity and reproduction of the
prokaryotic cell.

Plasmid

Small circles of DNA.

Diagram

Differences

Organelles in cells

Organelles \ Cells	Plant Cell	Animal Cell	Prokaryotic Cell
Cell Wall	Yes
Cell Membrane	Yes	Yes	Yes
Chloroplasts	Yes
Cytoplasm	Yes	Yes	Yes
Mitochondria	Yes	Yes
Nucleus	Yes	Yes
Ribosome	Yes	Yes	Yes
Large Vacuole	Yes
Circular DNA			Yes
Plasmid			Yes

Some differences between a plant cell and an animal cell

1. A plant cell has cell wall, while an animal cell hasn’t.
2. A plant cell has large vacuole, while an animal cell hasn’t.
3. No animal cell has chloroplasts, but some plant cell do.

Some differences between a plant cell and a prokaryotic cell.

1. A plant cell has nucleus, and a prokaryotic cell has nucleoid and plasmid instead.
2. Cell wall in a plant cell is made of cellulose but peptidoglycan in a prokaryotic cell.